Skip to main content

Table 2 Main characteristics of studies

From: Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review

Ā 

Studies (Nā€‰=ā€‰42)

Method

ā€ƒAssumption method

25 [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 43, 58, 59, 61, 63,64,65,66]

ā€ƒImplicit measure

17 [20,21,22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 60, 62, 67, 68]

ā€ƒImplicit measure - IAT

15 [22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 60, 62, 67, 68]

Ā 

(of which: IAT combined with behaviour or decision)

9 [23, 24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48, 67]

ā€ƒImplicit measure - Subliminal priming

2 [20, 21]

Setting and type of test

ā€ƒIAT ā€“ implicit prejudice

15 [22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 60, 62, 67, 68]

ā€ƒIAT ā€“ implicit stereotype

5 [23, 45,46,47, 50]

ā€ƒIAT ā€“ standard

13 [22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47, 50, 60, 62, 67, 68]

ā€ƒIAT ā€“ Single Category

2 [48, 49]

ā€ƒIAT ā€“ uncontrolled setting

10 [22, 23, 42, 45,46,47, 50, 60, 62, 67]

ā€ƒIAT - controlled laboratory setting

3 [48, 49, 68]

ā€ƒIAT ā€“ setting unspecified

2 [24, 44]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ video vignette with oral questions

10 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ written texts

11 [25, 26, 40, 43, 58, 59, 61, 63,64,65,66]

Ā 

(of which: photos in addition)

1 [43]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ video vignette with written questions

3 [37,38,39]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ simulations of encounters with patients and role-play

1 [41]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ controlled setting

16 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39, 41, 58, 63]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ uncontrolled setting

8 [25, 26, 40, 43, 61, 64,65,66]

ā€ƒAssumption method ā€“ setting unspecified

1 [59]

Bias(es) studied

ā€ƒRacial/ethnic

27 [20,21,22,23,24, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 43,44,45,46,47, 67]

ā€ƒMultiple

14 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39, 66]

ā€ƒGender

14 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, 63, 66]

ā€ƒSocio-economic status (SES)

11 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36, 39]

ā€ƒAge

11 [25, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]

ā€ƒMental illness

4 [26, 42, 64, 65]

ā€ƒWeight

3 [50, 60, 68]

ā€ƒBrain-injured patients perceived to have contributed to their injury

2 [58, 59]

ā€ƒIntravenous drug users

2 [48, 49]

ā€ƒDisability

1 [62]

ā€ƒAIDS patients

1 [61]

ā€ƒSocial circumstances (desiring an active lifestyle, having a demanding career, having family demands)

1 [66]

Country of study

ā€ƒUS

27 [20,21,22,23,24, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 43,44,45,46,47, 62, 66]

ā€ƒUK

8 [26,27,28,29, 31, 32, 58, 59]

ā€ƒCompared countries (US, UK and Germany)

4 [27,28,29, 31]

ā€ƒWorldwide

3 [42, 60, 67]

ā€ƒFrance

2 [25, 65]

ā€ƒAustralia

2 [48, 49]

ā€ƒGermany

2 [29, 31]

ā€ƒCanada

2 [50, 68]

ā€ƒIsrael

1 [63]

ā€ƒHong Kong

1 [64]

ā€ƒChina

1 [61]

Ā 

Participants (Nā€‰=ā€‰15148)

Profession of participants

ā€ƒPhysicians

12156

ā€ƒNurses

740

ā€ƒEither physicians or nurses

1404

ā€ƒā€˜Cliniciansā€™, or ā€˜mental health professionalsā€™ (at least some of whom were nurses and physicians)

834

ā€ƒPsychologists

12

ā€ƒMedical Students

2