Table 1 Admissibility requirements for forgoing treatment established by the Yokohama District Court in the Tokai Case^a

1. The patient has no hope of recovery and death is imminent.

2. It is desirable that the patient has declared his or her wishes when forgoing treatment is considered an option. It is permissible to presume the family’s will to be the patient’s will, provided that the patient’s family makes a deliberate decision that takes into consideration the patient’s perspective.

3. Treatments that can be forgone include all treatments considered to be curative measures, supportive measures, or LST, e.g., drug administration, chemotherapy, artificial dialysis, artificial ventilator, blood transfusion, and artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH).