Table 5 Ethical climate score per profession per factor with Games–Howell correction for differences between professions
From: Moral distress and ethical climate in intensive care medicine during COVID-19: a nationwide study
Mean (SD)a | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nurse (n = 345) | Intensivist (n = 40) | Supporting staff (n = 103) | N–Ib | N–Sc | I–Sd | |
Overall ethical climate score | 3.90 (0.54) | 4.11 (0.38) | 3.89 (0.43) | < 0.05 | 0.96 | < 0.05 |
Factor | ||||||
1. Practice and culture of ethical awareness and support | 4.34 (0.59) | 4.23 (0.60) | 4.23 (0.62) | 0.56 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
2. Self-reflective and empowering leadership by physicians | 3.48 (0.67) | 3.74 (0.51) | 3.52 (0.54) | < 0.05 | 0.76 | < 0.05 |
3. Culture of not avoiding end-of-life decisions | 3.36 (0.91) | 3.81 (0.75) | 3.40 (0.65) | < 0.05 | 0.97 | < 0.05 |
4. Practice and culture of open interdisciplinary reflection/discussion | 3.74 (0.85) | 4.14 (0.61) | 3.85 (0.70) | < 0.05 | 0.40 | < 0.05 |
5. Active involvement of nurses in end-of-life care and decision making | 3.73 (0.65) | 4.02 (0.56) | 3.77 (0.58) | < 0.05 | 0.83 | < 0.05 |
6. Relaxation after or during work | 3.80 (0.84) | 4.12 (0.60) | 4.00 (0.67) | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | 0.52 |
7. Culture of mutual respect within the interdisciplinary team | 4.34 (0.72) | 4.63 (0.52) | 4.04 (0.81) | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | < 0.001 |
8. Active decision making by physicians | 4.22 (0.77) | 4.58 (0.59) | 4.19 (0.67) | < 0.05 | 0.94 | < 0.05 |