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Table 1 Matrix of analysis

From: Caring for older patients with reduced decision-making capacity: a deductive exploratory study of ambulance clinicians’ ethical competence

Ethical competence

1. Ethical sensitivity

a) Evaluates and interprets reactions and feelings

b) Interprets needs based on what is said and behaviours

c) Uses compassion

d) Identifies ethical problems

2. Ethical knowledge

a) Has relational knowledge – emphasizes the importance of mutuality, relationship and curiosity

b) Has knowledge of embodiment – emphasizes the importance of dealing with bodies as lived subjects

c) Has philosophical, theoretical, and practical knowledge

d) Has contextual awareness and lay knowledge

3. Ethical reflection

a) Reflects on ethics in consideration between courses of action

b) Reflects on the own role and task as ambulance carer

c) Has an internal reasoning that clarifies own values

d) Balances risk–benefit based on prioritization, equality and morality

4. Ethical decision-making

Undergoes a process that leads to a reasonable and responsible choice between several options

   

5. Ethical action

Acts on the basis of knowledge, reflection, analysis and decision-making

   

6. Ethical behaviour

a) Shows respect for others

b) Behaves masterfully and moderately

c) Is responsive

d) Confirms the other’s concerns