Table 1 Comparing Germany, Israel and the Netherlands in terms of NIPT routinization
From: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): is routinization problematic?
Country | Germany | Israel | The Netherlands |
|---|---|---|---|
Axes of Routinization | |||
Level of routinization of offering NIPT and providing information | Against routinization of a universal offer – must be offered on a case-by-case basis | Ongoing routinization of universal offer at specific hospitals | Universal offer is strictly regulated under a specific law (with a traditionally low uptake rate of DS screening) |
Scope of routinization | Limited to the conditions in individual cases | Local routines at specific hospitals | Nationwide as a first-tier screening test |
Public discourse | Objection to the routinization of screening as eugenic | No public discourse in the media about NIPT routinization | Supportive of NIPT routinization; positive attitude towards test and firm belief in free and informed choice by pregnant women |