Table 2 Means, standard deviations, and Pearson zero-order correlations for all KNOWLEDGE and OPINION items

1. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to cure a Muslim patient who is in danger of death from pancreatic insufficiency (due to cystic fibrosis) by administering drugs that are produced from a pig (such as pancreatic enzymes: amylase, lipase, protease)?

2.32

1.75

2.76

2.12

0.86

2.79^**

2. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to prepare a vaccine for children against rotavirus, rubella, mumps, and measles made from pig proteins?

2.32

1.75

2.75

2.12

0.86

3.03^**

3. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to transplant a valve taken from the heart of a pig to a Muslim patient suffering from a heart valve problem whose life is in danger?

2.79

1.77

3.26

2.07

0.92

1.67

4. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a Muslim patient suffering from severe chest pain painkillers that are produced from a pig?

2.34

1.76

2.84

2.14

0.88

0.13

5. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to implant in a Muslim patient cartilage for knees taken from a pig, for the purpose of replacing worn cartilage?

2.81

1.80

3.05

2.13

0.69

4.04^***

6. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion for a Muslim in training to use proteins produced from pigs for the purpose of building muscle as part of a training program at a gym?

2.42

1.87

2.80

2.17

0.91

3.99^***

7. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a Muslim patient suffering from hypercoagulability (a tendency to form blood clots that may clog the blood vessels in the brain and heart) a blood thinner medicine produced from a pig?

2.97

1.83

3.32

2.15

0.73

1.63

8. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion for Muslim researchers and scientists to practice on a pig in medical experiments or in invasive operations in order to improve medical treatments?

3.16

1.93

3.71

2.27

0.89

4.77^***

9. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a Muslim patient albumin (protein) produced from a pig to maintain blood pressure levels in order to prevent a dangerous and drastic drop in blood pressure?

2.39

1.79

2.82

2.13

0.87

3.14^**

10. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion for a Muslim patient to wash their skin with soap made from pig fat in order to ameliorate a skin disease?

2.37

1.77

2.82

2.13

0.86

2.87^**

11. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to make use of skin tissue from a pig for a Muslim patient for the purpose of skin graft after severe burns?

2.39

1.79

2.82

2.14

0.85

3.11^**

12. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a Muslim baby suffering from cystic fibrosis fat-soluble vitamins -– E, A, K, D – that are produced from a pig?

2.39

1.78

2.82

2.14

0.84

3.24^**

13. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a Muslim diabetic a medicine that is produced from a pig to lower their sugar/diabetic values?

2.41

1.80

2.81

2.13

0.85

3.52^***

14. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a pregnant Muslim woman a steroid drug produced from a pig, in order to accelerate fetal lung maturation in a situation where the woman has preterm labor contractions in the seventh month?

2.38

1.79

2.82

2.14

0.84

2.68^**

15. Is it permissible according to the Muslim religion to give a Muslim preterm infant who was born in the seventh month and suffers from respiratory distress a medicine produced from a pig?

3.10

1.85

3.20

2.20

0.61

5.81^***