Table 2 Study population characteristics

Bemelmans et al. 2015 [67]

71

Psychogeriatric care

n.a.

First stages of dementia

Beuscher et al. 2017 [55]

19

Living lab setting

range: 66 to 94

Normal cognitive abilities or mild stages of dementia

Bickmore et al. 2005 [56]

21

Home care

range: 63 to 85

mean: 74.0

No significant cognitive impairments; in need for physical exercise

Broadbent et al. 2016 [45]

52

Retirement village

range: 66 to 97

average: 85.

Normal cognitive abilities or cognitive impairment

Broadbent et al. 2018 [46]

60

Home care in recovery after COPD related hospital admission

mean (ctrl): 69.10; mean (interv.):70.57

Diagnosed COPD and COPD related admission, living alone or with spouse

Chen et al. 2020 [75]

20

Long term care

range: 65 to 93

mean: 81.1

Score > 6 in geriatric depression scale. 75% with diagnosed depression

D’Onofrio et al. 2019 [62]

38

Care setting

range: 55 to 93

mean: 77.08

Diagnosed with dementia

Demange et al. 2018 [65]

17

Geriatric Hospital

range: 77 to 95

mean: 83.0

Major neurocognitive disorders (agitation, depression)

Fan et al. 2017 [70]

25

Home care

range: 66 to 94

No cognitive impairments or diagnosed dementia

Fischinger et al. 2016 [61]

49

Living lab setting

> 70

Various grades of impairment in vision, hearing or mobility

Gustafsson, Svanberg, and Müllersdorf 2015 [68]

4

Care Home

range: 82 to 90

Late stage dementia

Jones et al. 2018 [37]

138

Care Home

mean: 84.0

Diagnosed dementia

Jøranson, Pedersen, Rokstad, and Ihlebaek 2016 [58]

27

Care Home

range: 62 to 95

Moderate to severe forms of dementia

Jøranson, Pedersen, Rokstad, Aamodt, et al. 2015 [60]

30

Care Home

range: 62 to 92

mean: 84.7

Moderate to severe forms of dementia

Jøranson et al. 2016 [59]

60

Care Home

range: 62 to 95

Moderate to severe forms of dementia

Ke et al. 2020 [66]

103

Care Home

mean: 87.2

Diagnosed dementia

Khosla et al. 2021 [38]

10 (in dyads of caregiver and care receiver)

Home care

range: 75 to 85

Care receiver with dementia

Liang et al. 2017 [47]

60 (in dyads of caregiver and care receiver)

Day care center and home care

range: 67 to 98

Diagnosed with dementia

Libin and Cohen-Mansfield 2004 [72]

9

Care Home

range: 83 to 98

Severe cognitive decline

McGlynn et al. 2017 [57]

30

Living lab setting

range: 67 to 80

Older adults living alone

Mervin et al. 2018 [39]

415

Care home

mean: 84.4

Diagnosed with dementia

Moyle et al. 2013 [40]

18

Care home

average: 85.3

Mid to late stage dementia

Moyle et al. 2017 [41]

415

Care home

mean: 84.4

Diagnosed with dementia

Petersen et al. 2016 [73]

61

Dementia care unit

average: 83.4

Mild to moderate forms of dementia

Pripfl et al. 2016 [63]

7

Home care

> 75

Living alone

Pu et al. 2020a [42]

43

Long term care

mean: 86.0

Dementia and symptoms of chronic pain

Pu et al. 2020b [43]

43

Long term care

mean: 86.0

Dementia and symptoms of chronic pain

Pu et al. 2021 [44]

43

Long term care

mean: 86.0

Dementia and symptoms of chronic pain

Robinson et al. 2013a [48]

21 (in dyads with relatives)

Retirement village and hospital care dementia unit

range (care receivers): 71 to 93

n.a.

Robinson et al. 2013b [49]

40

Care home

range: 55 to 100

48% scored > 6 on the Abbreviated Mental Test

Robinson, MacDonald, and Broadbent 2015 [50]

21

Rest home and hospital care dementia unit

range: 71 to 95

n.a.

Shibata et al. 2004 [71]

23

Day care facility

average (ctrl): 85.5

average (interv): 84.4

n.a.

Valenti-Soler et al. 2015 [64]

211

Care home

range: 58 to 101

Moderate to severe forms of dementia

Stafford et al. 2014 [51]

25

Retirement village

range: 78 to 95

n.a.

Sung et al. 2015 [69]

16

Care home

average: 77.25

Severe level of dependency.

Tamura et al. 2004 [52]

13

Geriatric care facility

average: 84

Severe dementia

Wada et al. 2005 [53]

8

Healthcare facility

n.a.

Most subjects with dementia

Wada et al. 2006 [74]

14

Healthcare facility

range: 77 to 98

Most subjects with dementia

Wada and Shibata 2008 [54]

12

Care facility

range: 67 to 89

Mini mental state examination scores between 15 and 23